Small, dense lipoprotein particles and reduced paraoxonase-1 in patients with the metabolic syndrome.

The presence of the metabolic syndrome (World Health Organization definition) and its association with lipoprotein abnormalities suggestive of greater susceptibility to oxidative stress have been analyzed in patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease. The odds ratio for the presence of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in coronary artery disease-positive patients (P < 0.001). The metabolic syndrome was also associated with more severe coronary disease (P < 0.01). Patients with the metabolic syndrome had significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol/apolipoprotein B and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol/apolipoprotein AI ratios, indicative of the presence of small, dense lipoprotein particles. The syndrome was also associated with reduced concentrations and activities of the antioxidant enzyme, paraoxonase-1. The metabolic syndrome is characterized by smaller, denser lipoprotein particles that increase their susceptibility to oxidative modifications and diminished serum paraoxonase-1, which is a major determinant of the antioxidant capacity of high-density lipoproteins. These may be contributory factors to the increased presence and severity of coronary disease in such patients.